![]() Laws can only apply to concrete psychological phenomena and are therefore historically variable, not universal.įor instance, to establish general stages of psychological development, developmental psychologists must: consider separately the steps by which each of the relevant behavioral capacities-for bodily control, sequential behavior, symbolization, internalization, problem solving, etc-is elicited and developed in the course of a child’s life, and look to see in what different patterns all those various capacities are associated at one point or another in life. The abstract features that comprise the universal level are only amenable to extremely general descriptions such as were found in Chapter 1 above. ![]() There cannot be universal laws governing perception, memory, language, cognition, or emotions because there is nothing specific to govern on the universal level. ![]() Since universal features of psychological phenomena are devoid of form and content, they cannot be governed by meaningful laws. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Some of these commonalities were described in Chapter 1 where universal aspects of social existence such as division of labor, social organization, cooperation, language, and tool use were shown to generate universal aspects of psychology such as symbolization, thought, logic, self-concept, mnenomic strategies for remembering information, volition, self-control, a broad sensitivity to things, and comprehension of things’ essential features and interrelationships which are invisible to sense experience. Whereas socially relative aspects of psychology reflect differences in social life, psychological universals reflect uniformities of social existence. What Rosaldo said about emotions-that they are similar to the extent that societies are alike-holds true for all psychological phenomena. The social basis of psychological universals lies in common features of social life. Sociohistorical psychology rejects this dichotomy and argues that universal features of psychological phenomena have a social basis just as variations do. Universals are ordinarily conceived as a separate class of phenomena from variable features, originating in psychobiological properties of the human organism in contrast to variations which reflect socially mediated experience. ![]() However, the nature of these universals is quite different from the way they are ordinarily construed by mainstream psychologists. The fact that psychological phenomena are sociohistorical does not preclude the existence of universal features. ![]()
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